Music also became more self-sufficient with its availability in printed form, existing for its own sake. Courts employed virtuoso performers, both singers and instrumentalists. Popular secular forms such as the chanson and madrigal spread throughout Europe. Secular music absorbed techniques from sacred music, and vice versa. Composers found ways to make vocal music more expressive of the texts they were setting. In the Renaissance, music became a vehicle for personal expression. On the other hand, rules of counterpoint became more constrained, particularly with regard to treatment of dissonances. Music was increasingly freed from medieval constraints, and more variety was permitted in range, rhythm, harmony, form, and notation. 1397ā1474) and the cultivation of cantilena style, a middle dominated by Franco-Flemish School and the four-part textures favored by Johannes Ockeghem (1410s or '20sā1497) and Josquin des Prez (late 1450sā1521), and culminating during the Counter-Reformation in the florid counterpoint of Palestrina ( c. The period may be roughly subdivided, with an early period corresponding to the career of Guillaume Du Fay ( c. A convenient watershed for its end is the adoption of basso continuo at the beginning of the Baroque period. Rather than starting from the early 14th-century ars nova, the Trecento music was treated by musicology as a coda to Medieval music and the new era dated from the rise of triadic harmony and the spread of the contenance angloise style from Britain to the Burgundian School. Renaissance music is traditionally understood to cover European music of the 15th and 16th centuries, later than the Renaissance era as it is understood in other disciplines.
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